نشریه فیزیولوژی ورزش و فعالیت بدنی
سال پانزدهم شماره 3 (پاییز 1401)

More Adipose tissue is associated with the increase of inflammatory markers in obesity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different intensity circuit resistance training on gremlin-1, Macrophage migration inhibitory factor and some cardiovascular risk factors in obese men.

In a semi-experimental trial, 44 obese men were selected and randomly divided into four groups including control (n=11), low intensity circuit resistance training (n=11), moderate intensity circuit resistance training (n=11) and high-intensity circuit resistance training (n=11) groups. Resistance training was performed in different intensities included 1) High-intensity circuit resistance training (80% 1RM) 2) Moderate intensity circuit resistance (60% 1RM) and 3) Low intensity circuit resistance training (40% 1RM), three sessions per week for 12 weeks. Serum levels of gremlin-1, MIFand Lipid profile (cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL) were measured using kit and ELISA method. Data were analyzed with Analysis of variance with repeated measures, dependent t-test and Bonferroni post hoc test at the P < 0.05.

12 weeks of circular resistance training with low, moderate and high intensity caused a significant decrease in gremlin-1 and MIF levels, significant decrease in cholesterol, triglyceride and LDL-c levels and significant increase in HDL-c levels (P = 0.001).

It seems that circular resistance training with different intensities and especially high intensity can be an effective factor in counteracting the increase in observation of cardiovascular risk factors in obese people.

The risk of renal injury rapidly increases following myocardial infraction (MI), however; aerobic training and curcumin supplementation have beneficial effects on both the kidneys and the heart post MI. Moreover, blood renalse level can also provide appreciable information regarding these organs health status. Therefore, the aim of study was to investigate the effects of aerobic training and curcumin supplementation on blood renalase, creatinin and blood ure nitrogen (BUN) levels and renal tubular damage in male rat model of induced myocardial infraction.

40 male wistar rats were randomized into five groups (n=8) of healthy control, MI control, MI training, MI curcumin and MI concomitant (training+curcumin). MI was induced by isoproterenol injection. The training program (consisted of five sessions of running/week at moderate intensity on a treadmill) was conducted throgh eight weeks and curcumin was administrated by gavage method 15 mg/kg.day. Blood renalse was determined by ELISA method, while creatinine and BUN level by enzymatic method and the tissue damge level was evaluated by histologic analysis. The data was analysed by one-way ANOVA (Tokey test as post hoc) and Chi square tests with a confidence level of 95%.

Blood renalse (P = 0.001), creatinine (P = 0.001) and BUN (P = 0.025) was significantly higher in MI control group compared to healthy controls. However, the amounts of these indices had no significant differences with MI control group in all three intervention groups of MI training, MI curcumin and MI concomitant (P > 0.05). However; renal injury was significantly lower in all three intervention groups than MI control group (P = 0.007, P = 0.037 and P = 0.001 respecetively) and also in MI concomitant group compared to both of MI training (P = 0.006) and as well as MI curcumin (P = 0.003) groups.

The hazardous effects of MI on all three variables could be ameliorated following all three interventions. However, the concomitant intervention is superior to both of the aerobic training as well as curcumin supplementation for reductions in the histologic injury level.

Identification and analysis of compounds that playing a role in delay aging and increase longevity is essential. Sirtuins are one of the main regulators of cell survival and longevity. The goal of this research was to investigate the effect of six weeks HIIT swimming exercise and Resveratrol supplementation on the level of SIRT3 in left ventricular heart of aged rats.

In this research, 30 wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (control (C), solvent (M), supplement (R), HIIT exercise (EX), HIIT exercise and supplement (EXR)). The EX group performed HIIT swimming for six weeks. C group did not practice. R group received only resveratrol supplementation. EXR group performed HIIT swimming exercises with resveratrol and M group received only solvent. The SIRT3 protein was obtained by Western blotting. Data were analyzed using One-way ANOVA analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test.

After six weeks, there was a significant difference between the mean SIRT3 protein levels in the five groups. Therefore, Tukey post hoc test showed that SIRT3 levels were significantly increased in EX and EXR groups compared to C, R and M groups (P = 0/001). However, this difference between EX and EXR groups was not significant (P > 0.05). Moreover, the amount of SIRT3 in group R was significantly higher compared to groups C and M.

Increasing the amount of SIRT3 indicates the involvement of this protein in metabolic pathways, antioxidant defense and improves cell condition. High intensity interval training with resveratrol supplement consumption can also be used to moderate oxidative stress and delay the aging process.

One of the most important methods to cope with obesity metabolic disorder is to do exercise activities that are both effective as a prevention and treatment. Since the expression of adipogenic genes such as Retinoblastoma-1 (RB1) and Retinoblastoma like-1 (RBL-1) proteins are effective in adipogenesis, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of various intensities of aerobic training on the expression of RB1 and RBL-1 genes in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of male Wistar rats.

In this experimental study, 32 male Wistar rats (eight weeks old and weight: 237 ± 33 grams) were randomly divided into four equal groups: control, high intensity training (HIT), Moderate-intensity training (MIT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT). The treadmill training protocols consisted of eight weeks, so that the HIT training consisted of running at a speed of 20 meters per minute or with an intensity of 65% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), with a gradual increasing slope for 30 minutes. MIT training consisted of running at 65% VO2max for 37 minutes and HIIT training consisting of four bouts of high-intensity intervals with four minutes running at 90 to 100% VO2max and four bouts of low-intensity intervals with three minutes running at 50 to 60% VO2max (28 minutes in total). 24 hours after the last training session, the animals were sacrificed and their subcutaneous fat tissue was removed and gene expression was measured by RT-PCR. The obtained data were analyzed due to lack of natural distribution using Kruskal-wallis test and Bonferoni post hoc test through SPSS statistical software version 24 And significance level was considered P < 0.05.

The results of the present study showed that the expression of RB1 gene was significantly reduced only in the MIT group compared to the control group (P = 0.027). Also, RBL-1 gene expression was significantly lower only in the HIT group than in the control group (P = 0.028).

Since in this study only MIT and HIT aerobic exercises with 65% VO2max intensity could reduce the expression of RB1 and RBL-1 genes, the use of this type of exercise to improve metabolic disorders and inhibit adipogenesis is recommended.

Resistance exercise can reduce inflammation. On the other hand, garlic supplementation may have beneficial effects in combination with resistance training due to its wide-ranging effects, including its effect on inflammation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks’ progressive resistance training with garlic supplementation on serum hs-Crp levels and insulin resistance in overweight young women.

Forty-eight healthy age range: 20 to 40 years, randomly divided into four groups: resistance training + supplement (age=31.3 ± 3.1y, BMI=28.2 ± 2.7kg/m2), resistance training + placebo (age=30.7 ± 3.8y, BMI=26.4 ± 2.4 kg/m2), Garlic supplement (age=27.9 ± 2.5y, BMI=26.7 ± 3.9 kg/m2) and control (age=29.7 ± 3.8y, BMI=28.8 ± 3.3 kg/m2). Before and after eight weeks of training period, anthropometric data, one repetition maximum (1-RM), C-reactive protein (CRP), insulin and glucose were measured and insulin resistance (IR) was calculated. The subjects of the training group performed a progressive resistance training program for eight weeks, three sessions per week, including three sets with 10 repetitions maximum and one minute rest between sets and movements. Subjects in the supplement and placebo groups took two 500mg tablets of garlic or placebo daily in the morning and at night with a meal. Changes in the results before and after the in four research groups were examined using one-way analysis of variance. If statistical analysis were significant, the Bonferoni posthoc test was used for finding the place of differences.

Significant decrease in serum CRP levels, insulin resistance and glucose was observed in the training + supplement group compared to other groups (P < 0.05). In contrast, insulin levels did not show significant changes in all groups (P > 0.05). Regarding body composition analysis, the results were accompanied by a significant decrease in fat mass and a significant increase in lean body mass, especially in the training + garlic group (P < 0.05).

Although hs-CRP data and insulin resistance index of the present subjects were in the normal range and seemed safe, but in general, according to the results of the present study, it seems that the progressive resistance training program with garlic supplementation had double effects on CRP as important inflammatory index and insulin resistance in overweight women compared to either alone.

Exercise-induced gastrointestinal syndrome” refers to disturbances of gastrointestinal integrity and function that are common features of strenuous exercise. Because of the ambiguities about the exercise-induced gastrointestinal disorders, the present study aimed to compare the responses of immunoglobulin M and some gastrointestinal disorders markers to one-session continuous moderate training and high-intensity interval training (MICT & HIIT) in female athletes.

To investigate the response of indicators related to the gastrointestinal syndrome, in a quasi-experimental design, thirty female athletes participated in three equal groups (MICT: n = 10, HIIT: n = 10, and control: n = 10). Athletes participated in the exercise test session on the 11th to 13th day of their menstruation after introductory course of training for two weeks. The training program in both MICT and HIIT groups included 7200 meters of treadmill running; So that the MICT group performed with an intensity of 70% VO2max and the HIIT group completed eighteen acute bout of 400 m runs at 110-100% VO2max. The control group was also at resting condition after taking the breakfast. Blood samples were collected before, immediately, and two h after the exercise protocols. Also, the symptoms of gastrointestinal symptoms were assessed by a questionnaire simultaneously. I-FABP, zonulin, LPS, and IgM amounts were measured using ELISA methods. All serum data expressed as mean ± SD and analyzed using repeated - measures analysis of variance and rank data of the symptoms of gastrointestinal symptoms analyzed using the Wilcoxon test at P ≤ 0.05. 

Levels of I-FABP, LPS, and zonulin increased significantly (P < 0.05) after MICT and HIIT protocols, whereas Ig-M concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) after both types of exercise. Also, zonulin returned to baseline levels after 2 hours of HIIT (P > 0.05). Nevertheless, concentration of I-FABP 2 h after MICT, levels of zonulin and LPS 2 h after MICT and HIIT differences between with the control group was not significant (P < 0.05). However, acute decreased IgM and increased I-FABP, LPS and zonulin in responses to one-session MICT compare to HIIT protocols were not significant (P > 0.05).

 Given the present results, an acute MICT and HIIT session may increase damage, permeability, endotoxemia and decrease humoral immunity. However, gastrointestinal dysfunction due to HIIT exercise appears to be more pronounced which is not accompanied by symptoms of gastrointestinal discomfort.

Brain trauma injury is one of the leading causes of death and disability in the world among all injuries related to the central nervous system. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death under the age of 40 and accounts for a significant percentage of traumatic deaths. This damage leads to a series of events that depend in part on the nature and location of the injury. Trauma to the head due to the death of neurons in the limbic system, especially the hippocampus, can impair memory and learning function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of lifetime aerobic exercise training on memory and cytokine IL-1beta in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of NMRI mice with brain trauma.

For this purpose, 40 male NMRI laboratory rats with an approximate age of 20 days and weighing eight to nine grams were prepared from the Pasteur Institute of Iran and divided into four groups: non- exercise + mTBI, non- exercise, exercise and exercise + mTBI.  Rats from 28 days to 80 days of age did aerobic exercise for eight weeks (56 days). At the end of the eighth week after the completion of the exercise protocol, induction of the brain trauma model by weight loss was performed. 10 days after mTBI induction, rats were assessed for spatial memory by maze Y behavioral test. The cytokine IL-1β was evaluated in the hippocampus and peripheral cortex of mTBI mice by ELISA. After checking the normality of the data by Shapiro-Wilk Test and checking the homogeneity of variances by Leven test, One-way analysis of variance was performed by Tukey post hoc test at the significance level of P ≤ 0.05, using SPSS software version 22.

The results showed that aerobic exercise had an effect on the memory of mice with brain trauma (P = 0.001). Also, aerobic exercise has an effect on the cytokine IL-1beta in the hippocampus of mice with brain trauma (P = 0.03). In addition, aerobic exercise was shown to have an effect on IL-1beta cytokine in the prefrontal cortex of mice with brain trauma (P = 0.001).

This reduction may be due to mechanisms such as low- and high-density lipoproteins, the systemic effects of exercise on neuroprotection, and the reduction of B and T lymphocytes. However, more studies are needed to accurately express the mechanisms of effectiveness. It seems that the exercises used in this study can be used as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of injury and inflammation.

Regular exercise is one of the strongest modulators of type-2 diabetes and most of its effects on cells are caused by changes in cytokines. Fetuin A, as a hepatokine, with known effects on carbohydrate metabolism, is affected by exercise and possibly its intensity in healthy individuals. The aim of this study was to compare the two protocols of high intensity interval and moderate intensity continuous training on some glycemic control variables and plasma levels of fetuin A in patients with type-2 diabetes.

45 men with type-2 diabetes (age and BMI, respectively, 45.9 ± 4.2 years, and 30.5 ± 2.5 kg / m2) were randomly divided into three groups: control, high intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate intensity continuous training (MICT). The HIIT protocol includes of four intervals of 4-minute activity with 85 to 95% reserve heart rate, separated by 3-minute active rest. The MICT group also did exercise for 47 minutes with 60 to 70% reserve heart rate.

FBS and fetuin A was significantly decreased in both HIIT and MICT groups (P < 0.05) and there was no significant difference between two groups. Similarly, HOMA-IR and plasma insulin levels was decreased significantly in both HIIT and MICT groups (P < 0.05) and the reduction of these two factors in the HIIT group was greater than the MICT group (P < 0.05).

Based on the results, both HIIT and MICT can possibly lead to better control of glycemic control and also reduce plasma levels of fetuin A, which seems to be a favorable event due to its initial increase in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, this study did not find a difference between the two types of exercise in reducing fetuin A.

Fat tissue, frequently the largest organ in humans, is at the nexus of mechanisms involved in longevity and age-related metabolic dysfunction. Fat distribution and function change dramatically throughout life. Obesity is a major risk factor for development of comorbidities such as type-2 diabetes, neurological disorders, osteoarthritis, cancer, cardiovascular and renal diseases, which is associated with increased senescent cell and heart disorders. Exercise training and natural supplements constitute an indispensable, tool in the management of obesity and obesity-related disorders and can have a positive effect on longevity. However, interactive effects of aerobic training (AT) and royal jelly (RJ) is still not well understood in cellular senescence markers of cardiomyocytes in high fat diet (HFD) rats. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the protective effect of AT and RJ on p16 and p21of cardiomyocytes in obese rats.

In this experimental study, 45 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=9): Normal Diet (ND), High Fat Diet (HFD), High Fat Diet-Training (HFDT), High Fat Diet-Royal Jelly (HFDRJ) and High Fat Diet-Training-Royal Jelly (HFDTRJ). HFD induction was performed using a high-fat diet containing 17% protein, 43% carbohydrate and 40% fat. The supplement groups received 100 mg of royal jelly (per kg of body weight) diluted in distilled water orally during the intervention period. Aerobic exercise program including running on the treadmill with an intensity of 50-60% maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), was performed five days a week for eight weeks. 48 hours after the last training session, rats were anesthetized with a combination ketamine and xylazine, and after extraction, the heart tissue was placed in a nitrogen tank and sent to the laboratory to measure p16 and p21 gene expression levels.  p16 and p21 gene expression levels were measured by real-time PCR. Data were analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test at the P £ 0.05.

HFD significantly increased the expression of p16 (P = 0.000) and p21 (P = 0.000). Data analysis using two-way analysis of variance showed that AT and RJ significantly reduced the expression of p16 (P = 0.000 and P = 0.000, respectively) and p21 (P = 0.000 and P = 0.000, respectively) cardiomyocytes in HFD rats. However, the interaction of AT with RJ had no significant effect on the expression of p16 (P = 0.989) and p21 (P = 0.870) cardiomyocytes in HFD rats.

HFD in rats increased p16 and p21and AT and RJ improved the expression of aging-related genes in cardiomyocytes of HFD rats; however, the interaction of AT and RJ had no effect on cellular aging markers. These data indicate that obesity is associated with increased of cellular senescence markers, and AT and RJ as an appropriate therapeutic intervention in HFD animals, it can delay cellular aging. Further investigation is needed for the interactive effect of the AT and RJ.

Red beet juice is a rich source of nitrate. Nitric oxide has the ability to stimulate vasodilation; Which increases blood flow to the muscle. Due to the involvement of aerobic and anaerobic systems in karate, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of red beet juice on aerobic and anaerobic power of karate girls.

For this purpose, 10 club-level female karate players in the black belt category, two and three, were voluntarily studied in a cross-sectional, randomized, double-blind study. Subjects arrived at the gym at 7:30 a.m. and rested for 90 minutes after consuming red beetroot juice (100 ml) or placebo (blueberry juice) and taking the test at 9:00 a.m. First, 10 minutes of dynamic warm-up including walking and stretching movements were performed, then 4×9 test, RAST test and finally karate aerobic test was performed. In this aerobic test, the subjects guarded the punching bag consecutively. They were moving like a real combat during the recovery. The test ended when the subject was no longer able to continue the blows. In this case, the time was kept constant and the obtained number was recorded as fatigue time and test stage. Three minutes of active rest were determined between each test. After one week, the groups of subjects were transferred and the mentioned tests were performed again. Statistical analysis was reported using paired t-test and SPSS software version 26.

The results showed that with consumption of red beet juice compared to placebo maximum power (P = 0.014), minimum power (P = 0.025), average power (P = 0.011), fatigue index (P = 0.022) and Speed drop index (P = 0.020) improved significantly in RAST test. There was also a significant decrease in agility test time (P = 0.039). But there was no significant difference in karate specific aerobic test (P = 0.099) and perceived exertion (P = 0.685).

According to the results of the present study, consumption of red beet juice is effective in anaerobic performance and agility of karateka. But the amount of change in aerobic performance in the special karate test was not significant. Therefore, according to the results, it seems that consuming red beet juice can be useful for these athletes.